The therac25 was the most computerized and sophisticated radiation therapy machine of its time. Therac25 investigation is known as one of the biggest accidents in medical history. This cited by count includes citations to the following articles in scholar. It was involved in at least six accidents between 1985 and 1987, in which patients were given massive overdoses of radiation. Its purpose was to provide radiation to a specific part of the body and hopefully kill the malignant tumor. Between june 1985 and january 1987, the therac25 medical electron accelerator was involved in six massive radiation overdoses. The therac25 and its accident investigation several factors led to the thera25 accidents. An updated version of the original accident investigation paper by nancy leveson i have updated and changed slightly the original accident report.
Sunday, march 29, 2020 the therac 25 had two main types of operation. The therac25 was a computercontrolled radiation therapy machine produced by atomic. The therac25 was a radiation therapy machine produced by atomic energy of canada limited aecl in 1982 after the therac6 and therac20 units the earlier units had been produced in. Therac25 and the security of the computer controlled. An investigation of the therac25 accidents cal poly computer. Turner, university of california, irvine a thorough account of the therac25 medical electron accelerator accidents reveals previously unknown details and suggests ways to reduce risk in the future. This is an abstract of a 1993 article from ieee computer about the therac25 computerized radiation therapy machine and its software flaws, which caused massive overdoses to patients. The therac25 and its accident investigation case study. The therac25 machine was a stateoftheart linear accelerator developed by the company atomic energy canada limited aecl and a french company cgr to provide radiation treatment to cancer patients. These accidents have been described as the worst in the 35year history of medical accelerators 6. References to more recent accidents are included below.
The most serious computer related accidents to date. An investigation of the therac25 accidents abstract. Therac25 was a medical linear accelerator, a linacdeveloped by atomic energy of canada ltdaecl. The series of accidents has been described as the worst in the 35year history of medical accelerators. Case study therac25 page 1 of 3 therac25 the therac25 machine was a stateoftheart linear accelerator developed by the company atomic energy canada limited aecl and a french company cgr to provide radiation treatment to cancer patients. Computers are increasingly being introduced into safetycritical systems and, as a consequence, have been involved in accidents. On six separate occasions between june 1985 and january 1987, the therac25, a computercontrolled radiation therapy machine, is known to have killed or seriously injured patients in the us and canada with massive radiation overdoses. The therac 25 accidents form the basis for what is often considered the bestdocumented software safety casestudy available. The experience illustrates a number of principles that are vital to understanding how and why the design and analysis of safetycritical systems must be done in a methodical way according to established principles.
The manufacturers were responsible for many of these factors that eventually caused death to the victims. An investigation of the therac25 accidents nancy leveson, university of washington clark s. An investigation of the therac25 accidents stanford university. The first mode consisted of an electron beam of 200 rads that was aimed at the patient directly. Nancy leveson and clark turner, the investigation of the therac25 accidents, computer, 26, 7 july 1993 pp 1841. Since the time of the incidents related in this paper, aecl medical, a. The therac25 was a radiation therapy machine produced by atomic energy of canada limited aecl in 1982 after the therac6 and therac20 units the earlier units had been produced in partnership with cgr of france. An investigation of the therac25 accidents abstract online ethics center for engineering 2162006 oec accessed.
In the 1980s, a number of people were killed and injured by a flawed radiation therapy machine. An investigation of the therac25 accidents nancy g. Some of the types of system problems found in the therac25 may be present in the medical radiation devices currently in use. As a result, several people died and others were seriously injured. I do not own any of the images, music, or videos used. An investigation of the therac25 accidents by nancy g. An investigation of the therac25 accidents computer. A detailed investigation of the factors involved in the softwarerelated overdoses and attempts. The therac25 was a computercontrolled radiation therapy machine produced by atomic energy of canada limited aecl in 1982 after the therac6 and therac20 units the earlier units had been produced in partnership with cgr of france.
Company called atomic energy commision limited aecl and another french company called cgr were paired up to produce medical linear accelerators. The ones marked may be different from the article in the profile. An investigation of the therac25 accidents essay 10546. A detailed investigation of the factors involved in the softwarerelated overdoses and attempts by users, manufacturers, and government agencies to deal with the accidents is presented. System safety, and computers update of the 1993 ieee computer article addisonwesley. History of therac devices and accidents journey towards. Researchers who investigated the accidents found several contributing causes. Therac25 was a radio therapy machine used to destroy tumors using high energy beams. An investigation of the therac25 accidents part iii nancy leveson, university of washington clark s. Fda memos accuses aecl by not having a mechanism to follow up reports of suspected accidents 4 after developing a reddening and swelling in the center of the treatment area, the patient was admitted to a hospital in atlanta, but was sent to kennestone to go on with therac25. Turner, university of california, irvine reprinted with permission, ieee computer, vol. Some of the most widely cited softwarerelated accidents in safetycritical systems involved a computerized radiation therapy machine called the therac25. The therac25 was a computercontrolled radiation therapy machine produced by atomic energy of canada limited aecl in 1982 after the therac6 and therac20 units the earlier units had been produced in partnership with cgr of france it was involved in at least six accidents between 1985 and 1987, in which patients were given massive overdoses of radiation. Pdf importance of software quality assurance to prevent.
A thorough account of the therac25 medical electron accelerator accidents reveals previously unknown details and suggests ways to reduce risk in the future. However, in the case of therac25, they can be deadly. These socalled accidents and mistakes are really just cases of human inattention. The number of medical radiation machines in the united states in 1985 was approximately. A case study of the therac25 chuck huff1 and richard brown2 abstract almost all computer ethics courses use cases to some extent. The therac 25 a case study in safety failure radiation therapy machine the most serious computerrelated accidents to date people were killed references. Therac 25 accident report the cognitive systems engineering. Their engineering method was poor, for instance, they assigned a single programmer to the daunting task of creating the machines real time software which was very complex. Oec an investigation of the therac25 accidents abstract. The big picture the therac25 was a computerized radiation therapy machine 11 machines were installed us and canada in 19851987 there were 6 known accidents where massive overdoses were made patients died or suffered serious injuries these were traced to race conditions in reading operator input unique early investigation of safetycritical. The second, higher energy mode, used the full power of the machine at 25 million electron volts. We show how we have integrated detailed historical cases into ethical reflection throughout the computer science. By 2009 the number had increased to approximately 4450.